Mold apparatus for molding face plates for golf club heads

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of face plates for golf club heads are disclosed herein. Other examples, and related methods are also disclosed herein.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/237,750, filed on Sep. 20, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/822,121, filed on Jun. 23, 2010, which is now U.S. Pat. No. 8,056,206, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/828,195, filed on Jul. 25, 2007, which is now abandoned. The disclosure of the referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to golf clubs, and relates more particularly to golf club heads comprising particularly designed face plates for golf club heads and methods of manufacturing a golf club head.

BACKGROUND

Golf clubs and specifically golf club heads of various designs have typically been developed to improve the functionality of the golf club. In particular, many golfers prefer golf clubs that provide sensory feedback, or a certain “feel” as they use the golf club. Providing sensory feedback is particularly helpful when using a putter because of the delicate nature of putting. During the putting stroke, if a golfer feels unwanted vibrations or hears unpleasing sounds when the putter contacts a golf ball, the golfer may be distracted, and he will not perform his best golf stroke. Golf club designs, and particularly golf club head designs comprising face plate inserts, may be used to optimize the sensory feedback to a golfer, as well as to provide a more aesthetically pleasing sound.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an exploded perspective view of an exemplary golf club according to an embodiment of the golf clubs and methods of manufacture described herein;

FIG. 2 illustrates a front view of an exemplary golf club face plate of the golf club in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 illustrates a side view of the exemplary golf club face plate of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 illustrates a side view of an exemplary label of the golf club face plate in FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 illustrates a system view of the process to manufacture the exemplary golf club face plate of FIG. 2;

FIGS. 6 and 7 depict a flow diagram representation of one manner in which a golf club may be manufactured, according to an embodiment; and

FIG. 8 depicts a flow diagram representation of one manner in which a golf club face plate may be manufactured, according to an embodiment.

For simplicity and clarity of illustration, the drawing figures illustrate the general manner of construction, and descriptions and details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the golf clubs and their methods of manufacture. Additionally, elements in the drawing figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of embodiments of the golf clubs and their methods of manufacture. The same reference numerals in different figures denote the same elements.

The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of golf clubs and methods of manufacture described herein are, for example, capable of operation in sequences other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. Furthermore, the terms “contain,” “include,” and “have,” and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

The terms “left,” “right,” “front,” “back,” “top,” “bottom,” “side,” “under,” “over,” and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used for descriptive purposes and not necessarily for describing permanent relative positions. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of golf clubs and methods of manufacture described herein are, for example, capable of operation in other orientations than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. The term “coupled,” as used herein, is defined as directly or indirectly connected in a physical, mechanical, or other manner.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLES OF EMBODIMENTS

In an embodiment of golf clubs and methods of manufacture, a method of manufacturing a face plate for a golf club head comprises providing a label, providing a mold apparatus, positioning the label in the mold apparatus, and providing a mold compound in a non-solid form. Manufacturing the face plate further comprises positioning the mold compound over the label and in the mold apparatus and changing the mold compound to a solid form after positioning the mold compound over the label and in the mold apparatus.

In another embodiment of golf clubs and methods of manufacture, the method of manufacturing a golf club may comprise the steps of the method of manufacturing the face plate, as described above, and may further comprise removing the face plate from the mold apparatus. The method of manufacturing the golf club may also comprise inserting the face plate into a face opening of a golf club head, securing the face plate into the face opening of the golf club head, and coupling the golf club head to a shaft.

In a further embodiment of the golf clubs and methods of manufacture, a golf club head can comprise a golf club head body comprising a face plate opening, a face plate in the face plate opening, an adhesive to secure the face plate in the face plate opening, and a filler material to fill a void in the face plate opening between the golf club head body the face plate positioned in the face plate opening. In this embodiment, the face plate comprises a face plate body comprising a label molded to a mold compound in a mold apparatus, and the face plate body further comprises a rib circumscribing the face plate body.

In some embodiments of the golf clubs and methods of manufacture, a mold apparatus for molding a golf club face plate can comprise a recess configured to hold a label and a runner configured to guide a mold compound in a non-solid form to the recess. In many embodiments, the recess can be further configured to solidify the mold compound over the label to form the golf club face plate comprising the label and the mold compound.

In another embodiment of the golf clubs and methods of manufacture, a mold apparatus for molding one or more golf club face plates can comprise a hopper configured to contain a mold compound and a conduit coupled to the hopper, wherein the conduit can be configured to transfer the mold compound to one or more mold plates. In some embodiments, the mold apparatus can further comprise one or more mold cavities in one of the one or more mold plates, wherein each of the one or more mold cavities can be configured to hold a label and a runner configured to guide a mold compound in a non-solid form to the one or more mold cavities. In many embodiments, the runner can be located between the conduit and the one or more mold cavities, the conduit can be located between the hopper and the runner, and the one or more mold cavities can be configured to solidify the mold compound over the label to form the one or more golf club face plates comprising the label and the mold compound.

Turning now to the figures, in one embodiment of the golf clubs and methods of manufacture described herein, and with reference to FIG. 1, a golf club 100 comprises a golf club head 110 coupled to a golf club shaft 104. The golf club head 110 comprises a golf club head body 112 having a face plate opening 106. The golf club head 100 further comprises a face plate 101 positioned and secured in the face plate opening 106. The face plate 101 comprises a label 220 (FIG. 2) affixed to a solidified mold compound 330 (FIG. 3), wherein molding the face plate 101 and affixing the label 220 (FIG. 2) are described in greater detail below. In one exemplary embodiment, the face plate 101 may be secured into the face plate opening 106 by any suitable means such as, adhesives, epoxy, glues, and the like.

Next, the golf club head 110 may be coupled to the golf club shaft 104 by any suitable means such as adhesives, welding, swaging and the like. In one embodiment, the golf club shaft 104 may be coupled directly to, for example, a bore (not shown) of the golf club head 110. In another exemplary embodiment, the golf club head 110 may further comprise a hosel 114, and the golf club shaft 104 may be coupled to the hosel 114, instead of to a bore. While the golf club 100 in this embodiment comprises a putter, other golf clubs are contemplated by the golf clubs and methods of manufacture described herein. For example, other golf clubs such as irons, drivers, fairway woods, hybrids, and/or other suitable types of clubs are considered. Additionally, the golf clubs and methods of manufacture described herein can be applied to other types of putter than those putters described herein.

Turning now to FIG. 2, the face plate 101 has the label 220. The face plate 101 may further comprise a rib 215 that circumscribes the face plate 101 and, in this embodiment, comprises a rib depth 340 (FIG. 3) such that the rib 215 lies approximately 2.0 millimeters away from a front face portion 212 of the face plate 101. While this exemplary embodiment contemplates the rib depth 340 to be approximately 2.0 millimeters from the front face portion, other rib depths are also contemplated. In an exemplary embodiment, the rib 215 may be integrally molded with the face plate 101, but other processes for providing the rib 215 are likewise contemplated herein. In another embodiment, the face plate 101 can be devoid of a rib like the rib 215, or the rib 215 can be located at only a portion or portions of the circumference of the face plate 101.

The face plate 101 further comprises printed indicia 205 on rear portion of the label 220. In this embodiment, the printed indicia 205 can indicate the manufacturer of the face plate 101, the golf club head 110 (FIG. 1), and/or the golf club 100 (FIG. 1), but the printed indicia may comprise other text, designs, or graphic characters. The printed indicia 205 may further comprise various shapes, colors, and/or font sizes. For example, text to promote sponsorship, ownership, and the like, or graphic characters to promote various novelty features or trademarks is contemplated. In one exemplary embodiment, the text or graphics may comprise markings such as, for example, alignment indicia, to facilitate performance of the golf game.

In providing the label 220 for the face plate 101, various printing process and label configurations are contemplated. For example, the label 220 may comprise a film that is at least translucent, and in one exemplary embodiment, the rim can be transparent. Further, a design may be printed on the film. Printing the design may further comprise printing ink for the design on a back side of the film, and in this embodiment, the front side of the label is the film, which protects the design. In this embodiment, the film is located between the ink of the design and the front face portion 212 of the face place 101. Printing the design may further comprise printing the design backwards, or printing the design may further comprise printing an additional layer over the design. In this embodiment, the additional layer may be white and may be used to bring out the colors in the design and to serve as the adhesive between the label 220 and a mold compound in a mold process described in greater detail herein.

The indicia 205 may be printed by any suitable process for printing. In one exemplary embodiment the printing process may comprise screen printing, and in one embodiment, after printing, the label 220 may be laser cut from a sheet of labels for more accuracy. In a laser cut embodiment, heat from the laser cutting process may adhere a liner 425 (FIG. 4) to the label 220 and may facilitate the elimination of air pockets between the liner 425 and the label 220. In other exemplary embodiments, however, stamping or die cutting the label 220 from a sheet of labels may be used. Among the various embodiments in which the label comprises the liner 425, the liner 425 may be used to increase the stiffness of the label 220 to prevent the label from deforming, wrinkling, or moving during an injection molding process. Moreover, the liner 425 may also provide extra stiffness during a screen printing process. The liner 425 can comprise a urethane material or other suitable material.

Among the various embodiments described herein, providing the label 220 comprises providing the label 220 to comprise a polyester-based material, providing the label 220 to comprise a urethane or polyurethane material, or providing the label 220 to comprise an aromatic material. In an exemplary embodiment, the urethane or polyurethane material may provide a better sound and “feel” for the golf club head 110 than conventional labels comprising other materials. In another exemplary embodiment, the label 220 comprises a polycarbonate material. Among the various embodiments described herein, the label 220 may be provided to comprise a label thickness 445 of approximately 0.120 millimeters to approximately 0.650 millimeters. In one exemplary embodiment, if the liner 425 is used, the label 220 may comprise a label thickness 445 closer to the lower end of the exemplary thickness range. In this embodiment, the liner 425 is located adjacent to the front portion 212 of the label 220, and the ink for the design of the label 220 is located adjacent to a rear portion 314 of the label 220. If the liner 425 is not used, then the label 220 may comprise a label thickness 445 closer to the upper end of the exemplary thickness range.

In an embodiment of golf clubs and methods of manufacture, the label 220 may comprise an adhesive layer that can be heat activated to bond to a mold compound during a molding process described in greater detail below.

In an embodiment of golf clubs and methods of manufacture, and with reference to FIG. 5, a mold apparatus 500 may be used to facilitate the manufacture of a face plate as described herein. First, while a mold apparatus 500 described herein may be used to manufacture a face plate 101 (FIGS. 1-3), various other mold apparatuses and molding processes may be used to achieve the manufacture of the face plate 101 described herein. In this exemplary embodiment, an injection molding process is contemplated comprising a mold apparatus 500 that may comprise a hopper 510 to contain a solid form or other form of a mold compound 515. The hopper 510 may be coupled to a conduit 520, wherein the conduit 520 can transfer the mold compound 515 to mold plates 530. In one exemplary embodiment, the mold plate 530 can comprise two mold plates 531 and 532. In the same or a different embodiment, the conduit 520 comprises a screw mechanism 540 to advance the mold compound 515 from the hopper 510 to the mold 530, and heat applied to the conduit 520 along with friction created by the screw mechanism 540 converts the mold compound 515 from the solid form to a non-solid form such as, for example, a liquid. In one exemplary embodiment, the heat applied to the conduit 520 ranges from approximately 200 degrees Celsius to approximately 240 degrees Celsius.

In this exemplary embodiment, the mold plates 530 may further comprise a gate 550 between mold cavities 570 and runners 560. Also, the gate 550 may function to regulate the introduction of the non-solid mold compound into the mold cavities 570. In this embodiment, the runners 560 in the mold plates 530 are coupled to the conduit 520 to transfer the non-solid mold compound 515 to the mold cavities 570. In this embodiment, the mold plates 530 may be heated to a temperature that is less than the heat applied to the conduit 520 comprising the screw mechanism 540. For example, the mold plates 530 may be maintained from approximately 40 degrees Celsius to approximately 55 degrees Celsius. The temperature in the mold plates 530 may be controlled such that the thermal gradient facilitates solidification of the mold compound 515, which adheres the mold compound 515 to the label 220 that was inserted in the mold cavities 570 prior to introduction of the non-solid mold compound 515 to the mold plates 530. Once the solidification is complete, for example, after approximately 15 seconds to approximately 25 seconds, the mold plates 530 may be opened; the face plate 101 is removed from the mold cavities 570; and the mold compound 515 in the runners 560 and any excess mold flash can be trimmed from the face plates 101.

Among various molding processes, the gate 550 and/or runners 560 may be positioned or located at a center portion of the width (or longer dimension) of the individual mold cavity 570 to reduce the likelihood that the label 220 placed in the mold cavity 570 will wrinkle or move in the mold cavity 570 when the mold compound 515 is injected into the mold cavities 570. For example, if the gate 550 or runner 560 is positioned too close to the label 220, the force of the incoming mold compound 515 may wrinkle or displace the label within the mold cavity 570. In an exemplary embodiment of golf clubs and methods of manufacture, the gate 550 may be spaced at least 1.20 millimeters above the label 220 placed in the mold cavity 570. In an exemplary embodiment, the label 220 in the mold cavity 570 may be positioned such that the gate 550 is proximate to a center of a length of the label 220, if the length of the label 220 is greater than the width of the label 220. Among the various embodiments, the label 220 comprises a length of the label 220 to be greater than a width of the label 220. In this embodiment, four mold cavities 570 and a single gate 550 are illustrated in the mold plates 530, however, other numbers of mold cavities and gates are additionally contemplated.

Among the various molding processes described herein, providing the mold compound 515 (FIG. 5) comprises providing the mold compound 515 to comprise a polyester-based material, providing the mold compound 515 to comprise a urethane material, or providing the mold compound 515 to comprise an aromatic material. In addition, the mold compound 515 may further comprise a thermoplastic. In a different embodiment, the mold compound 515 is not a thermoplastic, but may comprise a thermoset. In another embodiment, the mold compound may be aliphatic and not aromatic. In still yet a different embodiment, the mold compound 515 comprises a polyether-based material. Among the various embodiments described herein, providing the mold compound 515 comprises providing a polyester-based, aromatic, polyurethane thermoplastic having a Shore D hardness value of approximately 65 to approximately 80.

In an embodiment of golf clubs and methods of manufacture, and with reference to FIG. 6, a method 600 of manufacturing a golf club head 10 comprises providing a label (a block 610), providing a mold apparatus (a block 615), positioning the label in the mold apparatus (a block 620), providing a mold compound in a non-solid form (a block 625), positioning the mold compound over the label and in the mold apparatus (a block 630), and changing the mold compound from the non-solid form to the solid form (a block 635). In this embodiment, the face plate and the golf club head of the method 600 can be similar to the face plate 101 (FIG. 1) and the golf club head 110 (FIG. 1), respectively. Also, in this embodiment, the label provided in the block 610 may be similar to label 220 (FIG. 2) where the printing on the label is located on the rear of the label, and the mold apparatus of the block 615 may be similar to the mold apparatus 500, the mold plates 530, and/or the mold cavities 570 of FIG. 5. Additionally, positioning the label in the mold apparatus in the block 620 can further comprise placing the front portion of the label into a mold cavity in a mold plate such that the rear portion of the label faces out of the mold cavity. Furthermore, the mold compound of the block 625 can be similar to the mold compound 515 in FIG. 5.

Returning to the method 600 of manufacturing a golf club head, and with reference to FIG. 7, the method 600 continues with curing the face plate after positioning the mold compound over the label and in the mold apparatus (a block 740), ejecting the face plate from the mold apparatus (a block 745), and finishing the face plate (a block 750). The method 600 may further comprise: measuring the hardness of the face plate (a block 755), coupling the face plate to a golf club head (a block 760), coupling the golf club head to a shaft (a block 765), and measuring the acoustic characteristics of the golf club upon contact with a golf ball (a block 770).

In this embodiment, curing the face plate after positioning the mold compound over the label and in the mold apparatus in block 740 may be similar to and/or include the solidification process in the mold plates 530 caused by the thermal gradient between the mold plates 530 and conduit 520 of FIG. 5 described above. Finishing the face plate in the block 750 may comprise removing any excess mold compound from the face plate, as described previously. Coupling the face plate to the golf club head in the block 760 may further comprise inserting the rear portion of the label of the face plate into an opening in the golf club head and leaving the front portion of the face plate facing out of the opening in the golf club head.

Measuring the hardness of the face plate in the block 755 can include using any suitable hardness testing procedure, for example, (American Society for Testing and Materials Standards) test number D2240 and/or (International Organization of Standardization) test method 868. In this embodiment, the face plate may comprise a Shore D hardness value from approximately 65 to approximately 80. Also, measuring the acoustic characteristics of the golf club upon contact with a golf ball in the block 760 can measure acoustical traits such as frequency, decibel level, pitch, tone, resonance, and the like.

In an embodiment of golf clubs and methods of manufacture, and with reference to FIG. 8 a method 800 is for manufacturing a face plate for a golf club head. The method 800 can be similar to or related to the method 600 (FIG. 6). For example, the method 800 can include more detailed steps of different portions of the method 600 (FIG. 6).

The method 800 can include providing the mold apparatus to comprise a recess to hold the label and the mold compound (a block 817), providing a runner to guide the mold compound from a source to the recess (a block 818), and providing a gate between the runner and the recess (a block 819). In this embodiment, the method 800 further comprises, positioning the mold compound over the label and in the mold apparatus (a block 821), removing the mold compound and the label from the mold apparatus (a block 822); and after removing the mold compound and the label from the mold apparatus, removing a liner from the label (a block 823).

Although a particular order of actions is illustrated in FIGS. 6-8, these actions may be performed in other temporal sequences. For example, the actions depicted in FIGS. 6-8 may be performed sequentially, concurrently, or simultaneously.

The providing steps in the described methods of FIGS. 6 and 7 may include designing and/or manufacturing processes or activities. Additionally, the block 615 can be performed before or after the blocks 610 and/or 625, and the block 625 can be performed before or after the blocks 610, 615, and/or 620. Moreover, as additional examples, the block 755 can be performed before or after the blocks 760, 765, and or 770. Other variations are also contemplated herein.

Additional examples of such changes have been given in the foregoing description. Accordingly, the disclosure of embodiments of golf clubs and methods of manufacture is intended to be illustrative of the scope of golf clubs and methods of manufacture and is not intended to be limiting. For example, in one embodiment, a golf club head may have one or more features of FIG. 1, with or without the features described with reference to FIGS. 2-4. Other permutations of the different embodiments having one or more of the features of the various figures are likewise contemplated. It is intended that the scope of golf clubs and methods of manufacture shall be limited only to the extent required by the appended claims.

The golf clubs and methods of manufacture discussed herein may be implemented in a variety of embodiments, and the foregoing discussion of these embodiments does not necessarily represent a complete description of all possible embodiments. Rather, the detailed description of the drawings, and the drawings themselves, disclose at least one preferred embodiment of golf clubs and methods of manufacture, and may disclose alternative embodiments of golf clubs and methods of manufacture.

All elements claimed in any particular claim are essential to golf clubs or methods of manufacture claimed in that particular claim. Consequently, replacement of one or more claimed elements constitutes reconstruction and not repair. Additionally, benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described with regard to specific embodiments. The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element or elements that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced, however, are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all of the claims.

Moreover, embodiments and limitations disclosed herein are not dedicated to the public under the doctrine of dedication if the embodiments and/or limitations: (1) are not expressly claimed in the claims; and (2) are or are potentially equivalents of express elements and/or limitations in the claims under the doctrine of equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A mold apparatus for molding a golf club face plate, the mold apparatus comprising: a recess configured to hold a label; and a runner configured to guide a mold compound in a non-solid form to the recess; wherein the recess is configured to solidify the mold compound over the label to form the golf club face plate comprising the label and the mold compound.
 2. The mold apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the golf club face plate comprises a putter face plate.
 3. The mold apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a gate between at least a portion of the runner and the recess, wherein the gate is configured to regulate introduction of the mold compound into the recess and over the label.
 4. The mold apparatus of claim 3, wherein: when the label is located in the recess, the gate is located above the label.
 5. The mold apparatus of claim 4, wherein: the gate is located approximately 1.2 millimeters above the label.
 6. The mold apparatus of claim 3, wherein: when the label is located in the recess, the gate is located towards a center of a length of the label.
 7. The mold apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the recess is configured to hold the label such that: a label strikeface side of the label faces towards a bottom of the recess; a label rear side of the label faces away from the bottom of the recess; and when the mold compound is introduced into the recess over the label rear side: the label separates the mold compound from the bottom of the recess; and the mold compound, supported by the recess, covers all of the label rear side of the label.
 8. The mold apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the mold compound comprises a polyester-based, aromatic, polyurethane, thermoplastic having a Shore D hardness value of approximately 65 to approximately
 80. 9. A mold apparatus for molding one or more golf club face plates, the mold apparatus comprising: a hopper configured to contain a mold compound; a conduit coupled to the hopper, wherein the conduit is configured to transfer the mold compound to one or more mold plates; one or more mold cavities in one of the one or more mold plates, wherein each of the one or more mold cavities is configured to hold a label; and a runner configured to guide the mold compound in a non-solid form to the one or more mold cavities; wherein: the runner is located between the conduit and the one or more mold cavities; the conduit is located between the hopper and the runner; and the one or more mold cavities is configured to solidify the mold compound over the label to form the one or more golf club face plates comprising the label and the mold compound.
 10. The mold apparatus of claim 9, wherein: the conduit comprises a screw mechanism configured to advance the mold compound from the hopper to the one or more mold plates.
 11. The mold apparatus of claim 9, further comprising: a gate between at least a portion of the runner and the one or more mold cavities, wherein the gate is configured to regulate introduction of the mold compound into the one or more mold cavities and over the label.
 12. The mold apparatus of claim 11, wherein: when the label is located in the one or more mold cavities, the gate is located above the label.
 13. The mold apparatus of claim 12, wherein: the gate is located approximately 1.2 millimeters above the label.
 14. The mold apparatus of claim 12, wherein: when the label is located in the one or more mold cavities, the gate is located towards a center of a length of the label.
 15. The mold apparatus of claim 9, wherein: each of the one or more mold cavities is configured to hold its own label such that: a label strikeface side of the label faces towards a bottom of the one or more mold cavities; a label rear side of the label faces away from the bottom of the one or more mold cavities; and when the mold compound is introduced into the one or more mold cavities over each label rear side: each label separates the mold compound from the bottom of each of the one or more mold cavities; and the mold compound, supported by the one or more mold cavities, covers all of the label rear side of each label.
 16. The mold apparatus of claim 9, wherein: the mold compound is a solid form when contained in the hopper.
 17. The mold apparatus of claim 16, wherein: the conduit is configured to transfer heat to the mold compound by having heat applied to the conduit; the applied heat converts the mold compound from the solid form to the non-solid form, before the mold compound enters the runner; and the mold compound remains in the non-solid form until after it enters the one or more mold cavities.
 18. The mold apparatus of claim 17, wherein: the conduit is configured to withstand heat applied to the conduit within the range of approximately 200 degrees Celsius to approximately 240 degrees Celsius.
 19. The mold apparatus of claim 18, wherein: the one or more mold plates are configured to maintain a temperature that is less than the temperature of the heat applied to the conduit.
 20. The mold apparatus of claim 19, wherein: the temperature the one or more mold plates are configured to maintain is from approximately 40 degrees Celsius to approximately 55 degrees Celsius. 